Frog Dissection:
Respiratory System:
Frogs have a specialized system of organs called the "Respiratory System" which are responsible for moving oxygen from the outside environment into the body and removing CO2 (carbon dioxide) and other wastes from the body, This process begins when the frog draws air into its body. In some ways this process is quite similar to humans. For instance, the frog may bring in air through its nostrils which are located on the front of its head. Or, air may be brought in as the frog opens its mouth and fills it with air. Either way, once the air is inside, the frog raises the floor of its mouth upward. The force of this motion pushes the air downward towards the frogs lungs the frog's mouth is directly connected to the lungs by the bronchi. The bronchi branch off to direct the air into both of the frogs lungs. Once in the lungs, specialized structures exchange the oxygen into the frog's blood and remove the CO2 (carbon dioxide) and other waste gasses from the blood. The frog the pushes the air containing these wastes back out of its body. One other organ that I should mention is the frogs skin. The frog's skin serves as an additional organ for gas exchange. However, it MUST remain moist to do this, which is why most frogs and amphibians live in moist places.
Circulatory System:
The frog "Circulatory System" consists of the heart,blood, and blood vessels. These structures work together in order to carry needed substances to cells and to carry waste products away from cells. Each structure contributes to the overall functioning of the system. For instance, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries waste products away from them. Next, the blood vessels provide a network of tubes to carry the blood efficiently throughout the body. Finally, the heart acts as a pump. Each time the heart beat's, it pushes blood through the blood vessels of the "Circulatory System". The frog's heart is made up of three different separate sections, or chambers. The structure of the frog's heart is such little that blood can only flow in one direction.
Digestive System:
The frog's "Digestive System", like the human digestive system, consists of a tube with two openings. A frog captures food in its mouth and the food is forced through the digestive tube to the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Any waste exits through the cloaca, which is the common exit of the digestive, reproductive, and excretory systems. Most digestion and nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine. The essential function of the digestive system is the same as that in other multicellular organisms, to break large food molecules down into small molecules that can pass through cell membranes.
Nervous System:
The "Nervous System" of the frog is responsible for directing the way it responds to what is happening both inside and outside of the frog. The nervous system carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to all other parts of the body and back again. The cells that carry info through the frog's body and back again are called "Neurons", or nerve cells. The system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, as well as sensory receptors. One set of nerves makes it possible for the muscles of the body to move on command, such as swimming, and the other set regulates things like breathing.
Frogs have a specialized system of organs called the "Respiratory System" which are responsible for moving oxygen from the outside environment into the body and removing CO2 (carbon dioxide) and other wastes from the body, This process begins when the frog draws air into its body. In some ways this process is quite similar to humans. For instance, the frog may bring in air through its nostrils which are located on the front of its head. Or, air may be brought in as the frog opens its mouth and fills it with air. Either way, once the air is inside, the frog raises the floor of its mouth upward. The force of this motion pushes the air downward towards the frogs lungs the frog's mouth is directly connected to the lungs by the bronchi. The bronchi branch off to direct the air into both of the frogs lungs. Once in the lungs, specialized structures exchange the oxygen into the frog's blood and remove the CO2 (carbon dioxide) and other waste gasses from the blood. The frog the pushes the air containing these wastes back out of its body. One other organ that I should mention is the frogs skin. The frog's skin serves as an additional organ for gas exchange. However, it MUST remain moist to do this, which is why most frogs and amphibians live in moist places.
Circulatory System:
The frog "Circulatory System" consists of the heart,blood, and blood vessels. These structures work together in order to carry needed substances to cells and to carry waste products away from cells. Each structure contributes to the overall functioning of the system. For instance, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries waste products away from them. Next, the blood vessels provide a network of tubes to carry the blood efficiently throughout the body. Finally, the heart acts as a pump. Each time the heart beat's, it pushes blood through the blood vessels of the "Circulatory System". The frog's heart is made up of three different separate sections, or chambers. The structure of the frog's heart is such little that blood can only flow in one direction.
Digestive System:
The frog's "Digestive System", like the human digestive system, consists of a tube with two openings. A frog captures food in its mouth and the food is forced through the digestive tube to the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Any waste exits through the cloaca, which is the common exit of the digestive, reproductive, and excretory systems. Most digestion and nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine. The essential function of the digestive system is the same as that in other multicellular organisms, to break large food molecules down into small molecules that can pass through cell membranes.
Nervous System:
The "Nervous System" of the frog is responsible for directing the way it responds to what is happening both inside and outside of the frog. The nervous system carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to all other parts of the body and back again. The cells that carry info through the frog's body and back again are called "Neurons", or nerve cells. The system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, as well as sensory receptors. One set of nerves makes it possible for the muscles of the body to move on command, such as swimming, and the other set regulates things like breathing.
perch (fish) dissection:
Respiratory System:
In some ways the "Fish Respiratory System" may seem like one of the most different systems of which you might be familiar to. But, a closer look reveals that the "purpose" of the system is still the same. The respiratory system in fish are responsible for moving oxygen from the outside environment into the body and removing CO2 and other wastes from the body. Even more (info 4 u), the fish has specialized structures within its body which allow this process to occur: First, the fish takes in water through it's mouth. The water then flows over the gills which are located directly behind the mouth. Within the gills are structures called "Gill Filaments" that contain an ample supply of blood. As the water moves over the gill filaments, the oxygen from the water is diffused into the blood. At the same time, CO2 and other waste gases are passed back out of the blood into surrounding water. The water then continues out of the fish's head through the opening behind the gills.
Circulatory System:
The "Circulatory System" in fish consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. These structures work together in order to carry needed substances to cells and to carry waste products away from cells. Each structure contributes to the overall functioning of the system. For example, blood caries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries waste products away from them. Next, the blood vessels provide provide a network of tubes to carry the blood efficiently throughout the body. Finally, the heart acts as a pump. Each time the heart beats, it pushes blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The structure of the fish’s heart and circulatory system is actually rather simple, and is such that blood can only flow in one direction. If you look at the diagram, you will notice that the fish’s heart is made up of two separate sections, or chambers. The atrium receives blood brought circulated back to the heart from the body. This blood contains wastes from the cells that must be removed from the fish’s body. Next, the blood moves into the ventricle. From there, the ventricle pumps blood into the fish’s gills, where the wastes are removed and a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients are passed into the blood. This blood is then circulated throughout the fish’s body, and to the cells. This process occurs repeatedly in order to provide the cells with the gases it needs, and to remove the wastes that it does not.
Digestive System:
The fish is a complex multicellular organism with a digestive system that breaks down food into small molecules that can be used by the cells. The perch is carnivorous and has a more developed system than herbivorous fish. When a perch catches its prey, the food enters the body through the mouth where it is ripped apart by sharp teeth. The pieces of food are moved into the esophagus, stomach, pyloric caecum, and into a very short intestine. The intestine is shorter than the frog and human’s intestines because the food consumed by the perch doesn’t take very long to be digested and absorbed. All wastes exit through the anus. This is a single tube system, with two openings. The essential function of the digestive system is the same as that in other multicellular organisms, to break large food molecules down into small molecules that can pass through cell membranes.
Nervous System:
The "Nervous System" of the fish is responsible for directing the way it responds to what is happening both inside and outside of the fish. The "Nervous System" carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to all the other parts of the body and back again. The cells the carry info through the fish's "Nervous System" are called "Neurons", or nerve cells. The system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, as well as sensory receptors.
In some ways the "Fish Respiratory System" may seem like one of the most different systems of which you might be familiar to. But, a closer look reveals that the "purpose" of the system is still the same. The respiratory system in fish are responsible for moving oxygen from the outside environment into the body and removing CO2 and other wastes from the body. Even more (info 4 u), the fish has specialized structures within its body which allow this process to occur: First, the fish takes in water through it's mouth. The water then flows over the gills which are located directly behind the mouth. Within the gills are structures called "Gill Filaments" that contain an ample supply of blood. As the water moves over the gill filaments, the oxygen from the water is diffused into the blood. At the same time, CO2 and other waste gases are passed back out of the blood into surrounding water. The water then continues out of the fish's head through the opening behind the gills.
Circulatory System:
The "Circulatory System" in fish consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. These structures work together in order to carry needed substances to cells and to carry waste products away from cells. Each structure contributes to the overall functioning of the system. For example, blood caries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries waste products away from them. Next, the blood vessels provide provide a network of tubes to carry the blood efficiently throughout the body. Finally, the heart acts as a pump. Each time the heart beats, it pushes blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The structure of the fish’s heart and circulatory system is actually rather simple, and is such that blood can only flow in one direction. If you look at the diagram, you will notice that the fish’s heart is made up of two separate sections, or chambers. The atrium receives blood brought circulated back to the heart from the body. This blood contains wastes from the cells that must be removed from the fish’s body. Next, the blood moves into the ventricle. From there, the ventricle pumps blood into the fish’s gills, where the wastes are removed and a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients are passed into the blood. This blood is then circulated throughout the fish’s body, and to the cells. This process occurs repeatedly in order to provide the cells with the gases it needs, and to remove the wastes that it does not.
Digestive System:
The fish is a complex multicellular organism with a digestive system that breaks down food into small molecules that can be used by the cells. The perch is carnivorous and has a more developed system than herbivorous fish. When a perch catches its prey, the food enters the body through the mouth where it is ripped apart by sharp teeth. The pieces of food are moved into the esophagus, stomach, pyloric caecum, and into a very short intestine. The intestine is shorter than the frog and human’s intestines because the food consumed by the perch doesn’t take very long to be digested and absorbed. All wastes exit through the anus. This is a single tube system, with two openings. The essential function of the digestive system is the same as that in other multicellular organisms, to break large food molecules down into small molecules that can pass through cell membranes.
Nervous System:
The "Nervous System" of the fish is responsible for directing the way it responds to what is happening both inside and outside of the fish. The "Nervous System" carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to all the other parts of the body and back again. The cells the carry info through the fish's "Nervous System" are called "Neurons", or nerve cells. The system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, as well as sensory receptors.